Anatomical location markers and methods of use in positioning sheet-like materials during surgery

ABSTRACT

A tissue marker assembly which can be useful with an implant delivery system for delivering a sheet-like implant is disclosed. The tissue marker assembly can include a delivery sleeve with a tissue marker slidably disposed within a lumen therethrough. A proximal handle can be coupled to the tissue marker and delivery sleeve, having a first part and a second part. The second part of the proximal handle can be releasably attached to the tissue marker proximal end so that the second part can be removed to allow the delivery sleeve to be removed proximally over the tissue marker after it is affixed to tissue. The distal portion of the marker can include a plurality of longitudinally extending arms when unconstrained project outward from the shaft to retain the marker&#39;s position in tissue.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/889,832, filed May 8, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/722,940, filed Dec. 20, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/581,631 filed on Dec. 29, 2011, the disclosures of each incorporated herein by reference.

The present disclosure is related to the following commonly assigned co-pending applications, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/443,169 filed on Feb. 15, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/581,628 filed on Dec. 29, 2011; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/581,629 filed on Dec. 29, 2011.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates generally to orthopedic medicine and surgery. More particularly, the present invention relates to tissue markers that may be used in conjunction with methods and apparatus for positioning and delivering a sheet-like material to a desired location in treating tendons or like tissue, such as tendons in the rotator cuff of the shoulder.

BACKGROUND

The glenohumeral joint of the shoulder is found where the head of the humerus mates with a shallow depression in the scapula. This shallow depression is known as the glenoid fossa. Six muscles extend between the humerus and scapula and actuate the glenohumeral joint. These six muscles include the deltoid, the teres major, and the four rotator cuff muscles. The rotator cuff muscles are a complex of muscles. The muscles of the rotator cuff include the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the subscapularis, and the teres minor. The centering and stabilizing roles played by the rotator cuff muscles are critical to the proper function of the shoulder. The rotator cuff muscles provide a wide variety of moments to rotate the humerus and to oppose unwanted components of the deltoid and pectoral muscle forces.

The muscles of the rotator cuff arise from the scapula. The distal tendons of the rotator cuff muscles splay out and interdigitate to form a common continuous insertion on the humerus. The supraspinatus muscle arises from the supraspinatus fossa of the posterior scapula, passes beneath the acromion and the acromioclavicular joint, and attaches to the superior aspect of the greater tuberosity. The mechanics of the rotator cuff muscles are complex. The rotator cuff muscles rotate the humerus with respect to the scapula, compress the humeral head into the glenoid fossa providing a critical stabilizing mechanism to the shoulder (known as concavity compression), and provide muscular balance. The supraspinatus and deltoid muscles are equally responsible for producing torque about the shoulder joint in the functional planes of motion.

The rotator cuff muscles are critical elements of this shoulder muscle balance equation. The human shoulder has no fixed axis. In a specified position, activation of a muscle creates a unique set of rotational moments. For example, the anterior deltoid can exert moments in forward elevation, internal rotation, and cross-body movement. If forward elevation is to occur without rotation, the cross-body and internal rotation moments of this muscle must be neutralized by other muscles, such as the posterior deltoid and infraspinatus. The timing and magnitude of these balancing muscle effects must be precisely coordinated to avoid unwanted directions of humeral motion. Thus the simplified view of muscles as isolated motors, or as members of force couples must give way to an understanding that all shoulder muscles function together in a precisely coordinated way—opposing muscles canceling out undesired elements leaving only the net torque necessary to produce the desired action. Injury to any of these soft tissues can greatly inhibit ranges and types of motion of the arm.

With its complexity, range of motion and extensive use, a common soft tissue injury is damage to the rotator cuff or rotator cuff tendons. Damage to the rotator cuff is a potentially serious medical condition that may occur during hyperextension, from an acute traumatic tear or from overuse of the joint. With its critical role in abduction, rotational strength and torque production, the most common injury associated with the rotator cuff region is a strain or tear involving the supraspinatus tendon. A tear at the insertion site of the tendon with the humerus, may result in the detachment of the tendon from the bone. This detachment may be partial or full, depending upon the severity of the injury or damage. Additionally, the strain or tear can occur within the tendon itself. Injuries to the supraspinatus tendon and current modalities for treatment are defined by the type and degree of tear. The first type of tear is a full thickness tear, which as the term indicates, is a tear that extends through the thickness of the supraspinatus tendon regardless of whether it is completely torn laterally. The second type of tear is a partial thickness tear which is further classified based on how much of the thickness is torn, whether it is greater or less than about 50% of the thickness.

The accepted treatment for a full thickness tear or a partial thickness tear greater than 50% includes reconnecting the torn tendon via sutures. For the partial thickness tears greater than 50%, the tear is completed to a full thickness tear by cutting the tendon prior to reconnection. In some procedures, the surgeon will position a sheet-like patch over the sutured area to strengthen the repair and try to prevent the sutures from tearing through the tendon. The placement of the patch can be accomplished readily in an open surgical procedure, however, placement and attachment of the patch in an arthroscopic procedure has been shown to be very difficult.

In contrast to the treatment of a full thickness tear or a partial thickness tear of greater than 50%, the current standard treatment for a partial thickness tear less than 50% usually involves physical cessation from use of the tendon, i.e., rest. Specific exercises can also be prescribed to strengthen and loosen the shoulder area. In many instances, the shoulder does not heal, and the partial thickness tear can be the source of chronic pain and stiffness. Further, the pain and stiffness may cause restricted use of the limb which tends to result in further degeneration or atrophy in the shoulder. Surgical intervention may be required for a partial thickness tear of less than 50%, however, current treatment interventions do not include repair of the tendon, and rather the surgical procedure is directed to arthroscopic removal of bone to relieve points of impingement or create a larger tunnel between the tendon and bone that is believed to be causing tendon damage. As part of the treatment, degenerated tendon may also be removed using a debridement procedure in which tendon material is removed or ablated. Again, the tendon partial thickness tear is not repaired. Several authors have reported satisfactory early post-operative results from these procedures, but over time recurrent symptoms have been noted. In the event of recurrent symptoms, many times a patient will “live with the pain”. This may result in less use of the arm and shoulder which causes further degeneration of the tendon and may lead to more extensive damage. A tendon repair would then need to be done in a later procedure if the prescribed treatment for the partial tear was unsuccessful in relieving pain and stiffness or over time the tear propagated through injury or degeneration to a full thickness tear or a partial thickness tear greater than 50% with attendant pain and debilitation. A subsequent later procedure would include the more drastic procedure of completing the tear to full thickness and suturing the ends of the tendon back together. This procedure requires extensive rehabilitation, has relatively high failure rates and subjects the patient who first presented and was treated with a partial thickness tear less than 50% to a second surgical procedure.

As described above, adequate devices and methods for positioning sheet-like patches or implants during an arthroscopic procedure do not currently exist. It has been shown to be very difficult to properly position and attach a sheet-like implant unless the treatment site is accessed in an open procedure. Further, adequate procedures do not exist for repairing a partial thickness tear of less than 50% in the supraspinatus tendon. Current procedures attempt to alleviate impingement or make room for movement of the tendon to prevent further damage and relieve discomfort but do not repair or strengthen the tendon. Use of the still damaged tendon can lead to further damage or injury. Prior damage may result in degeneration that requires a second more drastic procedure to repair the tendon. Further, if the prior procedure was only partially successful in relieving pain and discomfort, a response may be to use the shoulder less which leads to degeneration and increased likelihood of further injury along with the need for more drastic surgery. Therefore, it would be beneficial to be able to position, deliver and attach a sheet-like implant to a treatment site in an arthroscopic procedure. It would also be beneficial to treat partial thickness tears greater than 50% without cutting the untorn portion of the tendon to complete the tear before suturing back together. There is a large need for surgical techniques and systems to position, deploy and attach implants during an arthroscopic procedure and to treat partial thickness tears and prevent future tendon damage by strengthening or repairing the native tendon having the partial thickness tear.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The disclosure is directed to a marker that can be inserted into tissue and be temporarily retained therein to identify an anatomical location. As disclosed herein, one example of such anatomical location is the relationship of the biceps tendon to the supraspinatus tendon in the rotator cuff which is visible on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon but not on the bursal side. One or more markers of the current disclosure can be positioned through the bursal side while visually observing the articular side so that the marker is positioned adjacent the biceps tendon and identifies such location when viewing the marker on the bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon.

A tissue marker can include an elongate shaft defining a longitudinal direction having a plurality of flexible arms projecting outward from the shaft proximate a distal end thereof. The arms can include nitinol members. Further, the tissue marker can be part of a tissue marker assembly that includes a delivery sleeve having a lumen therethrough. The delivery sleeve can be a needle-like shaft having a tissue penetrating distal end in some embodiments. The tissue marker is slidably disposed within the lumen of the delivery sleeve with the lumen walls flexing the aims to extend generally longitudinally and fit therein.

The tissue marker assembly can include a proximal handle coupled to the tissue marker and delivery sleeve. The proximal handle can include means for selectively coupling and decoupling the tissue marker and delivery sleeve to allow longitudinal movement of the tissue marker relative to the delivery sleeve and/or removal of the sleeve when the tissue marker is positioned and deployed. To accomplish this in some embodiments, the proximal handle can include a first portion affixed to the proximal end of the delivery sleeve and a second portion releasably secured to the tissue marker shaft so that the second portion can be removed to allow the delivery sleeve to slide proximally over the tissue marker. A coupling can also be included between the first portion and second portion to selectively couple and decouple the handle portions. In other embodiments, the first portion is affixed to the delivery sleeve and the second portion is permanently affixed to the tissue marker shaft. In this other embodiment, the length of the shaft on the tissue marker is sufficiently long so that the tissue marker shaft can be moved longitudinally a sufficient distance to deploy the tissue marker and subsequently can be retracted within the delivery sleeve as desired.

When positioned in tissue position marker flexible arms can extend laterally to engage tissue when deployed outside the delivery sleeve. However, when the marker is pulled, the arms can flex to extend generally longitudinally to allow passing back through tissue without significant effect on the tissue. In alternative embodiments, the delivery sleeve and tissue marker remain in slidable engagement and the flexible arms are retracted into the sleeve by pushing the sleeve distally relative to the tissue marker and then withdrawing the entire assembly through the skin. In some embodiments three or more arms are included on the distal portion of the marker.

The markers of the present disclosure can be used with an implant delivery system for accurately positioning and deploying or delivering a sheet-like implant. One embodiment provides an implant delivery system including an implant retainer assembly and an implant spreader assembly. The implant retainer assembly and the implant spreader assembly are provided proximate the distal end of a delivery shaft. The implant retainer assembly is configured to releasably couple a sheet-like implant thereto for positioning the sheet-like implant at a treatment site. The implant spreader assembly is configured to expand the sheet-like implant so that the sheet-like implant covers the treatment site.

The implant delivery system can include a distal guidewire port located proximate the distal end of the delivery system a fixed and known distance both laterally and longitudinally relative to an implant when it is loaded onto the implant retainer assembly. With this embodiment, the implant delivery system can be included in a kit that includes a guidewire or be used in conjunction with a guidewire that is provided separately from the implant delivery system. The guidewire can include a proximally extending length of wire that extends from a distal tissue retention member. The tissue retention member provides a temporary connection of the distal end of the guidewire to the bone or other tissue. The tissue retention member includes means for temporarily or reversibly fixing the distal end of the guidewire to tissue, such as bone. The means for affixing can include a K-wire (Kirshner wire) which can be a smooth stainless steel pin with a drill tip that cuts into bone when rotated. Alternatively, the means for fixing can include a screw that is threaded or a fine pin that is hammered into bone or other tissue. The fine pin can include barbs or other projections and/or surface texture that aid in temporarily fixing the distal end of the guidewire to the bone or other tissue. The proximally extending wire can be coupled to the tissue retention member via a strain relief that allows the wire to bend proximate the tissue retention member. The strain relief can include a spring or coil.

The positional relationship (lateral and longitudinal) of a loaded implant relative to the distal guidewire port is advantageously used to position the implant delivery system relative to a first fixed point on the anatomy of the patient and assures the deployed implant will properly cover the treatment site. The first fixed point on the anatomy can be used as the location of the distal end of the guidewire as fixed to the bone or other tissue. The proximal end of the guidewire is fed through the distal guidewire port, and the delivery system is guided by the wire to abut the anatomy or the tissue retention member proximate the fixed point.

In one method of using the present system, a first fixed point is determined through observation and/or measurement of a treatment site or tissue to be covered by the implant relative to other anatomy. For example, in treating a rotator cuff injury, the surgeon can measure the supraspinatus tendon lateral width and observe the location of the line generally defining the point of insertion of the tendon into the humeral head. With these measurements known, along with the known size of implant to be used and the longitudinal/lateral location of the loaded implant relative to the guidewire port, a best location for the first fixed point can be selected and the guidewire fixed thereto.

Determining a first fixed point for the implant location, however, may not adequately position the implant as it can be rotated, at least to some degree, about that first fixed point. Therefore, in some embodiments, at least a second anatomical point or position is marked using a marker of the present disclosure to assure the implant is rotated to proper position on the first fixed point. In some embodiments a third anatomical point or position may also be marked using a marker of the present disclosure, in which embodiment the second and third point can define a line which is generally parallel to an edge of the implant when properly rotated about the first point. In treating the supraspinatus tendon, a marker can be placed through the skin and tendon while viewing the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon where the biceps tendon is also visible. The marker can be inserted adjacent the biceps tendon to delineate its location and assure the implant is rotated to generally parallel the biceps tendon and avoid any staples attaching to such tendon which may interfere with its function.

In some exemplary embodiments, the implant spreader assembly includes a first arm and a second arm each having a proximal and a distal end. The proximal end of each arm is pivotably connected proximate the distal end of the delivery shaft. The first and second arms are moveable between a closed position and an open position. When the first and second arms are in the closed position, the arms extend generally in the longitudinal direction. When pivoting to the open position the distal end of each arm travels in a generally transverse direction to spread an implant that has been positioned on the implant retainer assembly. When pivoting from the open position to the closed position, the first arm and the second arm may travel in different planes.

In some exemplary embodiments, the implant spreader assembly includes a first arm and a second arm each having a proximal and a distal end. The proximal end of each arm is pivotably connected proximate the distal end of the delivery shaft. The first and second arms are moveable between a closed position and an open position. When the first and second arms are in the closed position, the arms extend generally in the longitudinal direction. When pivoting to the open position the distal end of each arm travels in a generally transverse direction to spread an implant that has been positioned on the implant retainer assembly. When pivoting from the open position to the closed position, the first arm and the second arm may travel in different planes.

A method of treating a site such as a rotator cuff of a shoulder may include the step of providing an implant delivery system as described above. The treatment site or shoulder of the patient may be inflated to create a cavity therein. The treatment site can be observed and/or measured using a probe or other instrument to identify the proper implant size and a first anatomical location for affixing the distal end of a guidewire such that abutment of the guidewire port proximate this location will place the implant at a desired location when deployed. A guide wire is affixed to the anatomical location selected, as for example, a point near the insertion of the supraspinatus tendon on the humeral head. Further, a second and/or third anatomical point can be identified that will give proper rotational position to the implant delivery system. These points can be identified and markers of the present disclosure placed to provide a visual reference. The implant delivery system can be tracked over the guidewire to abut the first reference point. The implant and the implant spreader assembly may be unsheathed inside the cavity. The implant may be spread over a target tissue at the treatment site and rotated to align with the second and/or third reference points as marked. The implant may be affixed to the target tissue. The implant may be released from the implant delivery system. The implant spreader assembly may be removed from the cavity. In some cases, the implant spreader assembly is assuming the closed configuration while the implant spreader assembly is withdrawn from the cavity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is perspective view of a marker disposed in a needle-like sheath for insertion into tissue to define a reference point;

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the marker of FIG. 1A as removed from the needle-like sheath;

FIG. 1C is a partial perspective view of the distal portion of the marker of FIG. 1B illustrating a plurality of distal arms extending longitudinally as they would be when constrained within the sheath;

FIG. 1D is a partial perspective view of the arms of FIG. 1C as deployed upon removal of the sheath to extend laterally and retain the marker in tissue;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an exemplary probe used to observe and measure tissue in a treatment site;

FIG. 2B is a partial perspective view of the distal portion of the probe of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary implant delivery system including an actuating handle assembly and a barrel;

FIG. 3B is a an alternative perspective view of the implant delivery system of FIG. 3A illustrating an implant retainer assembly and implant spreader assembly on a distal portion of the delivery system extending beyond the sheath;

FIG. 3C is a partial cross sectional view of the implant delivery assembly of FIG. 3A depicting the actuating mechanism in the handle assembly;

FIG. 3D is a perspective view of the delivery shaft including the implant spreader and implant retainer assemblies of FIG. 3B as removed from the sheath and handle;

FIG. 3E is an alternative perspective view of the implant delivery system of FIG. 3A illustrating details of the implant retainer assembly and the location of a distal guidewire port;

FIG. 3F is a perspective view of an implant delivery system having a guidewire extending from a distal guidewire port;

FIG. 3G is a partial perspective view illustrating the distal portion of the implant delivery system of FIG. 3F, including an implant folded and mounted on the implant retainer assembly and a guidewire extending from the guidewire port;

FIG. 3H is partial perspective view illustrating the distal portion of the implant delivery system of FIG. 3F after activation of the implant spreader assembly to unfurl the implant;

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a guidewire as disposed in a delivery assembly for attachment to bone or other tissue;

FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the guidewire and sheath of FIG. 4A depicting the sheath partially retracted as it would be removed proximally after attachment of the guidewire to bone or other tissue;

FIG. 4C is partial perspective view of the distal portion of the guidewire of FIG. 4B illustrating a sharpened drill point tip or a K-wire tip for penetrating bone and a strain relief connection to a proximal wire portion;

FIG. 4D is a perspective view of an alternative guidewire disposed in a delivery assembly having a distal screw that can be rotated by the sheath to attach to bone or other tissue;

FIG. 4E is a partial perspective view of another alternative guidewire disposed in a sheath having a distal pin that can be hammered into bone or other tissue;

FIG. 5 is a stylized anterior view of a patient with the shoulder being shown in cross-section for purposes of illustration;

FIG. 6 is a stylized view of a shoulder depicting the head of the humerus shown mating with the glenoid fossa of the scapula at a glenohumeral joint and a sheet-like material is affixed to the tendon;

FIG. 7A is a stylized perspective view showing a portion of the body of a human patient divided into quadrants by planes for descriptive purposes;

FIG. 7B is a stylized perspective view illustrating an exemplary procedure for arthroscopic treatment of a shoulder of a patient in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 8A is a perspective view of a portion of the shoulder with parts removed to illustrate the supraspinatus tendon in relation to other anatomical features;

FIG. 8B is a partial perspective view of the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon illustrating the position relative to the biceps tendon and a marker inserted from the bursal side to identify the location of the biceps tendon which is not visible from the bursal side;

FIG. 8C is another partial perspective view of the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon as shown in FIG. 8B with a second marker inserted to delineate the biceps tendon over its length which is not visible from the bursal side;

FIG. 8D is a partial perspective view of the shoulder showing the two markers of FIG. 8C as they extend proximally from a point of insertion in the skin;

FIG. 8E is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8D with the inclusion of two portal incisions made relative to the markers;

FIG. 8F is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8A depicting the two markers from the bursal side of the tendon as they extend therethrough and would be seen during arthroscopic placement of an implant;

FIG. 8G is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8F illustrating the placement of a guidewire relative to the markers;

FIG. 8H is a partial perspective view illustrating a guidewire as affixed to bone relative to the markers;

FIG. 8I is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8H with an implant delivery system distal sheath illustrated as guided over the wire;

FIG. 8J is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8I illustrating the extension of an implant retention assembly from the sheath;

FIG. 8K is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8J illustrating the deployment of an implant spreader assembly and positioning of the implant relative to the markers;

FIG. 8L is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8K depicting partial retraction of the implant delivery system as the implant is affixed by staples to the tendon;

FIG. 8M is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8L depicting the closing of the implant spreader assembly in conjunction with removal from the shoulder; and,

FIG. 8N is a partial perspective view of the shoulder of FIG. 8M depicting removal of the guidewire attachment from the shoulder prior to affixing the proximal portion of the implant to the humeral head.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings in which similar elements in different drawings are numbered the same. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict illustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

The present disclosure is directed to a tissue marker assembly that is particularly useful with an implant delivery system for accurately positioning and deploying or delivering a sheet-like implant to a treatment site. The tissue marker assembly and delivery system are discussed in detail with respect to treatment of tendons in articulating joints, specifically the supraspinatus tendon of the rotator cuff in the shoulder. However, it is recognized that the tissue marker assembly, delivery system and other components of a kit disclosed herein can be utilized in any areas of the body wherein it is desired to identify and mark an anatomical location. With the tissue marked, devices and methods disclosed herein can be used to accurately position a sheet-like implant, especially during an arthroscopic procedure where access and visibility are limited.

The tissue marker system can be used in conjunction with an implant delivery system and/or a guidewire. All or part of the components can be included in a kit that that provides the necessary tools for treating a particular site. The guidewire can be configured with a distal end that attaches to bone or other tissue at a first fixed point that is determined through observation and measurement of the treatment site. The first fixed point is determined based on knowledge of the size of the implant to be used, the known location of a distal guidewire port on the delivery system relative to an implant when it is loaded on the delivery system and the measured/observed anatomy of the treatment site. Once the guidewire is attached at the first fixed point, the delivery system can track over the wire to the proper position for delivering the implant. Details of the guidewire design are disclosed with respect to the discussion of FIG. 4A-4E. The above method, as applied to treatment of the supraspinatus tendon of the rotator cuff is described in detail with respect to FIGS. 8A-8N.

The delivery system of this disclosure can also be used in conjunction with other tissue position markers or included in a kit with tissue position markers, stated above. Identifying a first fixed point for attachment of the guidewire may not be sufficient in some applications to accurately position the implant as the delivery system can be rotated to some degree about the first point. By using visual observation and/or other measurement techniques a second, and if necessary a third, fixed point can be identified and marked with the markers to be used as a reference point or line for proper rotation or orientation of the implant as positioned over the wire. The markers are described in detail with respect to FIGS. 1A-1D and the method of marking a second and third fixed point are described for the rotator cuff with respect to FIGS. 8A-8N.

Referring first to FIG. 1A, a tissue position marker system 300 is depicted. The tissue marker system 300 includes a delivery sleeve 302 having a lumen 304 therethrough. The delivery sleeve can be a needle-like shaft having a tissue penetrating distal end. A tissue marker 308 is slidably disposed within the lumen 304 of the delivery sleeve 302. The tissue marker 308, in this embodiment has an elongate shaft defining a longitudinal direction. In this embodiment, a proximal handle, including a first part 306 and second part 310 are coupled to the tissue marker and delivery sleeve. The second part 310 of the proximal handle can be releasably attached to the tissue marker 308 proximal end so that the second part can be removed to allow the delivery sleeve 302 to be removed proximally over the tissue marker after it is affixed to tissue. The second part 310 can then be re-attached to the proximal end of the marker to aid in removing the marker after the procedure is completed. In one alternative embodiment, the second part 310 is not removable. In this embodiment, the tissue marker 308 is of sufficient length longer than the delivery sleeve so that it can be moved longitudinally within the delivery sleeve a sufficient distance to the deploy the marker as described below.

FIG. 1B depicts the marker 308 as removed from the delivery sleeve 302. The distal portion of the marker 308 includes a plurality of longitudinally extending arms 312 which are formed into the marker 308 or attached to the distal end of the marker. These arms 312 are better depicted in the illustrations of FIGS. 1C and 1D. When unconstrained, as when the arms 312 are outside of the lumen of the delivery sleeve, the flexible arms project outward from the shaft proximate a distal end thereof, as shown in FIG. 1D. However, when the marker 308 is within the delivery sleeve 302, the lumen walls flex and constrain the arms to extend generally longitudinally and fit therein. In the deployed state outside the delivery sleeve 302, the arms retain the marker's position in tissue, yet can be pulled out without any significant effect on the tissue because the arms will flex to extend generally longitudinally as they are pulled through the tissue. In some embodiments, the arms are made of an elastic or superelastic material which can include metals or polymers, for example flexible nitinol members. The marker can include at least three, and in some embodiments four or more aims to more securely engage the tissue. The proximal handle can also include means for selectively coupling and decoupling the tissue marker and delivery sleeve to allow easier insertion of the combined assemblies into tissue. Further, the delivery sleeve and marker can be kept in slidable longitudinal engagement throughout the procedure. In this embodiment, the delivery sleeve can be retracted to deploy the flexible arms, then when the procedure is complete, the delivery sleeve can be pushed distally relative to the marker to flex the arms and move them to a position within the lumen of the delivery sleeve.

As previously disclosed, the systems and devices disclosed herein are used in procedures that can be performed arthroscopically. To better make use of these systems and devices a surgeon can observe, probe and measure features of a treatment site visually to best identify the right implant and fixed locations for placing both the guidewire and/or markers for accurate delivery of the implant. An exemplary probe and measuring tool 350 is depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The probe includes an elongate shaft 352 having a tapered distal portion 354. The tapered distal portion terminates in a hook-shaped distal end 356. Further, the shaft can include ruled markings that can readily be viewed to measure any distance near the treatment site. The probe can be particularly useful in identifying the line of the point of insertion on the supraspinatus tendon to the humeral head by inserting the probe on the articular side of the tendon. The width of the tendon can also be measured in this way for selecting a proper implant size. The probe disclosed is one example of a tool to assist in identifying anatomical points for placement of a guidewire, markers and a delivery system. It is recognized that other tools can be utilized with the delivery system.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, a perspective view of an exemplary implant delivery system 60 is shown. Implant delivery system 60 includes a handle assembly 100 and barrel assembly 102. As depicted in FIG. 3A, the outer barrel assembly 102 is a sheath 103 attached to and extending distally from the handle assembly 100. The sheath 103 can include a bullet nose or tapered distal tip to aid in inserting the delivery system 60 through an incision to the treatment site. The sheath 103 covers a delivery assembly as discussed with respect to FIG. 3B below. The sheath 103 of implant delivery system 60 is coupled to the handle assembly 100 in a fixed position, in the embodiment depicted. In alternative embodiments the sheath 103 may be reciprocally engaged by the handle assembly 100 to allow longitudinal movement in response to movement of the trigger 105. The sheath can include at least a distal portion that is transparent so that an implant mounted therein can be viewed.

As depicted in FIG. 3B, the handle assembly 100 includes a body 107 and reciprocating trigger 105 attached thereto. The handle assembly also includes a first button 111 that releasably engages a delivery shaft 130 (discussed below with respect to FIG. 3D). The first button 111 allows movement of the delivery shaft 130 to extend beyond the sheath 103 for loading an implant and reverse movement pulls the delivery shaft 130 back into the sheath 103.

A second button 109 is connected to longitudinal members that extend within the sheath to move arms of an implant spreader assembly 124 (see FIG. 3B). Pushing of the button releases engagement with the longitudinal members and allows the alms to close as the overall system is pulled from the implant site.

FIG. 3B depicts the implant delivery system 60 of FIG. 3A with a delivery shaft 130 extended distally beyond the sheath 103 as would be done during delivery of an implant. The extended delivery shaft 130 also allows visualization of the working components on the distal end of the delivery system. These include an implant retainer assembly 148, an implant spreader assembly 124 and a hood 149. To better visualize the extension of the delivery shaft 130 relative to the handle assembly 100. FIG. 3C depicts the delivery system of FIG. 3B with a portion of the body 107 removed to expose the linkages between the trigger 105, first button 111 and second button 109 with the barrel assembly 102. As illustrated, in this representative embodiment, the sheath 103 is rigidly fixed to a distal portion of the handle 100 with the delivery shaft 130 slidably disposed therein. The delivery shaft is linked to a first member 141 which is also linked to both the trigger 105 and first push button 109. Distal movement of the first push member 141, whether by movement of the trigger 105 or the first push button 109 being moved distally causes distal extension of the delivery shaft 130 relative to the sheath 103.

With reference to FIG. 3D, the delivery shaft 130 is depicted in more detail as removed from the sheath 103 and disconnected from the handle assembly 100. The delivery shaft 130 includes a pair of longitudinally extending members 143 that are operably connected to the tissue spreader assembly 124. Linkage (not shown) within the handle assembly 100 connects the proximal portion of the longitudinally extending members 143 such that pulling on the trigger after the delivery shaft 130 has been extended causes distal movement of the longitudinally extending members 143 to operate the spreader assembly 124. One of skill in the art will recognize that the mechanisms described are representative of one working embodiment of a handle coupled to the barrel assembly 102 and that other actions and linkages can be used to operate the working portions of the implant delivery system 60, to include both extension of the delivery shaft or retraction of the sheath and also deployment of the spreader assembly.

As best seen in FIG. 3E, a first arm 120 and a second arm 122 can be seen extending distally from the delivery shaft 130. First arm 120 and second aim 122 are both part of an implant spreader assembly 124. Implant spreader assembly 124 may be used to carry a sheet-like implant to a location within the human body. Implant spreader assembly 124 may also be used to unfold the sheet-like implant so that the sheet-like implant covers a treatment site within the body.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3E, first arm 120 and second arm 122 are disposed in an open position. First arm 120 and second arm 122 are capable of moving between the open position where the arms extend laterally and a closed position wherein the arms generally extend longitudinally parallel to the delivery shaft 130. When pivoting to the open position the arms rotate so that distal end 128A of first arm 120 and distal end 128B of second arm 122 move away from each other in generally transverse or lateral directions. In some embodiments the distal ends of the arms lie in the same plane as the sheath in both the open and closed positions, however, in other embodiments disclosed herein, the arms may move in different planes relative to each other so that the implant will take a curved shape in the open position to better conform to the treatment site as laterally delivered. Further, in some alternative embodiments, one arm may be stationary while the other rotates to spread the implant.

As also shown in greater detail in FIG. 3E, the implant delivery system 60 also includes an implant retainer assembly 148 located near a distal end of delivery shaft 130. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3E, implant retainer assembly 148 comprises a center post 150 post disposed proximate the distal end of the delivery shaft 130 that cooperates with a mating surface 152 having a longitudinally extending groove 154 generally parallel and spaced from the center post wherein the mating surface and center post form a slot therebetween to retain the implant when it is slidably disposed thereon.

As also indicated on FIG. 3E, the implant delivery system includes a guidewire port 170 located proximate the distal end of the delivery shaft 130. The guidewire port 170 is sized for receiving a proximal end of a guidewire, discussed below with respect to FIGS. 4A-4E, therethrough. The guidewire port location is positioned in known relation to an implant on the implant retainer assembly so that tracking the implant delivery system over the guidewire to a known guidewire location fixes the location to which the implant will be delivered relative thereto.

FIG. 3F depicts the implant delivery system of FIG. 3A with a guidewire 172 having been fed from a proximal end thereof through the guidewire port 170 and extending distally from the end of the barrel 102. The interior of the delivery shaft provides a lumen for receiving the proximal portion of the guidewire as it is fed through the guidewire port 170. As depicted, the guidewire 172 includes a tissue retention member 180 on the distal end thereof. In use, the tissue retention member 180 is affixed to bone or other tissue at a desired anatomical location. The implant delivery system 60 is then tracked over the guidewire from its proximal end until the distal end of the implant delivery system (after the delivery shaft is extended from the sheath) or delivery shaft abuts the tissue or guidewire proximate the point at which the guidewire is fixed to the bone or other tissue.

The relationship between the implant delivery system 60, the guidewire 172 and a sheet-like implant 50 mounted thereon for delivery can be better understood, in an exemplary embodiment, by reference to FIG. 3G. FIG. 3G depicts a distal portion of the delivery system with the delivery shaft extended beyond the sheath. A sheet-like implant 50 is held in place by the implant retention member 148 as previously described. Further, the implant 50 is shown in a folded configuration as it would fit in the sheath and remains in this configuration when the delivery shaft is extended because a hood 149 is included in this embodiment for receiving the edges of the implant 50 thereunder. The guidewire 172 is depicted extending distal of the implant. In use, the delivery shaft would be fed further distal over the guidewire until the ball 181 is in contact or nearly in contact with the guidewire port at the distal end of the delivery shaft, which is generally about 5 mm. distal of the proximal end of the implant or in alternative embodiments may be in longitudinal alignment with the proximal end of the implant. The guidewire port is also generally in lateral alignment with the center of the implant. Thus, the location of the attachment of the guidewire will generally conform to a location 5 mm. distal of the proximal end of the implant and at the lateral center of the implant when delivered in this embodiment. Other spacing could be used if desired, with the longitudinal and lateral relationship of the implant relative to the guidewire port being known.

FIG. 3H depicts the distal portion of the implant delivery system illustrated in FIG. 3G after the implant spreader assembly 124 is deployed. As shown, the lateral movement of the arms 120, 122 pull the edge of the implant out from under the hood 149 and cause the implant 50 to lay flat. The implant retention member 148 continues to hold the implant on the assembly in order to allow movement of the implant to a desired position.

Referring now to FIG. 4A, a representative guidewire 172 and delivery system 200 is illustrated. The delivery system can include a shaft 202 having a lumen 203 extending therethrough. The proximal end of the shaft includes mean for holding and positioning the shaft and a proximal end of the shaft can be attached to a rotating tool (not shown). The guidewire 172 extends through the shaft 202 lumen 203. The shaft further includes mean for rotational engagement between the delivery system and the guidewire. When inserted in the lumen, the guidewire rotates as the shaft rotates. Means for rotational engagement between the shaft and guidewire are generally known, as for example, a keyed portion near the distal end of the guidewire may engage a mating surface extending from the shaft.

As depicted in FIG. 4B, the distal end of the guidewire includes a tissue retention member 180 extending from a weld ball 181. In the embodiment shown, the tissue retention member is a K-wire or Kirshner wire which includes a shaft or pin portion having a sharpened distal end 183, much like a drill bit. Positioning the distal end 183 at a selected site on bone and rotating with some pressure applied causes the guidewire to auger into the bone and become affixed at that point. FIG. 4B shows the guidewire with the delivery system being retracted proximally over the guidewire as would be done after the distal tip of the guidewire is embedded in tissue. A strain relief 190 is also visible.

Referring to FIG. 4C, a closer view of the distal portion of the guidewire 172 is illustrated. The K-wire distal tip includes sharpened edges 185 for cutting into bone or other tissue. Further, the strain relief 190 is shown attached to the weld ball in the form of a spring having the guidewire 172 proximal portion extending from and attached to the spring. This configuration allows significant bending of the wire at the spring to allow the delivery system to be tracked to near the ball 181 when in use.

An alternative embodiment of a guidewire and guidewire delivery system is depicted in FIG. 4D. The embodiment is similar to the above described system, however, the tissue retention member 182, 183 is a screw. A strain relief 190 is affixed to the proximal end of the screw and the proximal portion of the guidewire 172 is attached to and extends from the strain relief 190. As illustrated, the guidewire delivery system is essentially a screwdriver with a hollow shaft 202 for receiving the guidewire therein. A distal portion of the hollow shaft 202 engages the head of the screw and a hand can be used to rotate the screw as it augers into bone or other tissue.

FIG. 4E depicts another alternative guidewire and guidewire delivery system. In this embodiment, the distal end of the guidewire 172 includes a pin 210 that has a distal point 212. The pin has a proximal end attached to a strain relief 190 to which the proximal guidewire portion is attached extending proximally therefrom. The delivery shaft 202 is designed to abut the proximal end of the pin 210 and the system can then be hammered or otherwise forced into bone or other tissue to affix the pin thereto.

Next referring to FIG. 5, an exemplary use or application of the implant delivery system of the present disclosure is described. FIG. 5 is a stylized anterior view of a patient 20. For purposes of illustration, a shoulder 22 of patient 20 is shown in cross-section in FIG. 5. Shoulder 22 includes a humerus 14 and a scapula 12. In FIG. 5, a head 24 of humerus 14 can be seen mating with a glenoid fossa of scapula 12 at a glenohumeral joint. The glenoid fossa comprises a shallow depression in scapula 12. The movement of humerus 14 relative to scapula 12 is controlled by a number of muscles including: the deltoid, the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the subscapularis, and the teres minor. For purposes of illustration, only the supraspinatus 26 is shown in FIG. 5.

With reference to FIG. 5, a distal tendon 28 of the supraspinatus 26 meets humerus 14 at an insertion point. Scapula 12 of shoulder 22 includes an acromion 32. A subacromial bursa 34 is shown extending between acromion 32 of scapula 12 and head 24 of humerus 14. Subacromial bursa 34 is shown overlaying supraspinatus 26 as well as supraspinatus tendon 28 and a portion of humerus 14. Subacromial bursa 34 is one of the hundreds of bursae found the human body. Each bursa comprises a fluid filled sac. The presence of these bursae in the body reduces friction between bodily tissues.

With reference to FIG. 5, a distal tendon 28 of the supraspinatus 26 meets humerus 14 at an insertion point. Scapula 12 of shoulder 22 includes an acromion 32. A subacromial bursa 34 is shown extending between acromion 32 of scapula 12 and head 24 of humerus 14. Subacromial bursa 34 is shown overlaying supraspinatus 26 as well as supraspinatus tendon 28 and a portion of humerus 14. Subacromial bursa 34 is one of the hundreds of bursae found the human body. Each bursa comprises a fluid filled sac. The presence of these bursae in the body reduces friction between bodily tissues.

FIG. 6 is a stylized anterior view of a shoulder 22 including a humerus 14 and a scapula 12. In FIG. 6, a head 24 of humerus 14 is shown mating with a glenoid fossa of scapula 12 at a glenohumeral joint. A supraspinatus 26 is also shown in FIG. 6. This muscle, along with others, controls the movement of humerus 14 relative to scapula 12. A distal tendon 28 of supraspinatus 26 meets humerus 14 at an insertion point 30.

As depicted in FIG. 6, distal tendon 28 includes a first damaged portion 36. A number of loose tendon fibers 40 in first damaged portion 36 are visible in FIG. 6. First damaged portion 36 includes a first tear 42 extending partially through distal tendon 28. First tear 42 may therefore be referred to as a partial thickness tear. With reference to FIG. 6, first tear 42 begins on the side of distal tendon 28 facing the subacromial bursa (shown in the previous Figure) and ends midway through distal tendon 28. Accordingly, first tear 42 may be referred to as a bursal side tear.

With reference to FIG. 6, distal tendon 28 includes a second damaged portion 38 located near insertion point 30. As illustrated, second damaged portion 38 of distal tendon 28 has become frayed and a number of loose tendon fibers 40 are visible. Second damaged portion 38 of distal tendon 28 includes second tear 44. Second tear 44 begins on the side of distal tendon 28 facing the center of the humeral head 24. Accordingly, second damaged portion 38 may be referred to as an articular side tear.

FIG. 6 illustrates a sheet-like implant 50 has been placed over the bursal side of distal tendon 28. The sheet-like implant 50 is affixed to distal tendon 28 by a plurality of tendon staples 51. Sheet-like implant 50 is affixed to humerus 14 by a plurality of bone staples 100. Sheet-like implant 50 extends over insertion point 30, first tear 42 and second tear 44. Some useful methods in accordance with this detailed description may include placing a tendon repair implant on the bursal side of a tendon regardless of whether the tears being treated are on the bursal side, articular side or within the tendon. In some cases the exact location and nature of the tears being treated may be unknown. A tendon repair implant may be applied to the bursal side of a tendon to treat shoulder pain that is most likely caused by one or more partial thickness tears in the tendon.

FIG. 7A is a stylized perspective view showing a portion of the body 82 of a human patient 20. Body 82 includes a shoulder 22. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 7A, a plurality of cannulas are positioned to access a treatment site within shoulder 22. In some cases, shoulder 22 may be inflated by pumping a continuous flow of saline through shoulder 22 to create a cavity proximate the treatment site. The cannulas shown in FIG. 7A include a first cannula 80A, a second cannula 80B and a third cannula 80C.

In FIG. 7A, a sagital plane SP and a frontal plane FP are shown intersecting body 82. Sagital plane SP and frontal plane FP intersect one another at a medial axis MA of body 82. With reference to FIG. 7A, sagital plane SP bisects body 82 into a right side 84 and a left side 86. Also with reference to FIG. 7A, frontal plane FP divides body 82 into an anterior portion 92 and a posterior portion 88. Sagital plane SP and a frontal plane FP are generally perpendicular to one another. These planes and portions are used to describe the procedures used in exemplary embodiments.

First cannula 80A is accessing a treatment site within shoulder 22 using a lateral approach in which first cannula 80A pierces the outer surface of right side 84 of body 82. The term lateral approach could also be used to describe situations in which an instrument pierces the outer surface of left side 86 of body 82. Second cannula 80B is accessing a treatment site within shoulder 22 using a posterior approach in which second cannula 80B pierces the outer surface of posterior portion 88 of body 82. Third cannula 80C is accessing a treatment site within shoulder 22 using an anterior approach in which third cannula 80C pierces the outer surface of anterior portion 92 of body 82.

FIG. 7B is a stylized perspective view illustrating an exemplary procedure for treating a shoulder 22 of a patient 20. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 7B may include, for example, fixing tendon repair implants to one or more tendons of shoulder 22. The tendons treated may be torn, partially torn, have internal micro-tears, be untorn, and/or be thinned due to age, injury or overuse.

Shoulder 22 of FIG. 7B has been inflated to create a cavity therein. A fluid supply 52 is pumping a continuous flow of saline into the cavity. This flow of saline exits the cavity via a fluid drain 54. A camera 56 provides images from inside the cavity. The images provided by camera 56 may be viewed on a display 58.

Camera 56 may be used to visually inspect the tendons of shoulder 22 for damage. A tendon repair implant in accordance with this disclosure may be affixed to a bursal surface of the tendon regardless of whether there are visible signs of tendon damage. Applicants believe that the methods and apparatus of the present application and related devices may provide very beneficial therapeutic effect on a patient experiencing joint pain believed to be caused by internal microtears, but having no clear signs of tendon tears. By applying a tendon repair implant early before a full tear or other injury develops, the implant may cause the tendon to thicken and/or at least partially repair itself, thereby avoiding more extensive joint damage, pain, and the need for more extensive joint repair surgery.

An implant delivery system 60 can be seen extending from shoulder 22 in FIG. 7B. Implant delivery system 60 is extending through a first cannula 80A. In certain embodiments, first cannula 80A can access a treatment site within shoulder 22 using a lateral approach in which first cannula 80A pierces the outer surface of a right side of the patient's body. In some cases a physician may choose not to use a cannula in conjunction with implant delivery system 60. When that is the case, the implant delivery system may be advanced through tissue. Implant delivery system 60 comprises a sheath that is affixed to a handle. The sheath defines a lumen and a distal opening fluidly communicating with the lumen. In the embodiment of FIG. 7B, the distal opening of the sheath has been placed in fluid communication with the cavity created in shoulder 22.

A tendon repair implant is at least partially disposed in the lumen defined by the sheath of implant delivery system 60. Implant delivery system 60 can be used to place the tendon repair implant inside shoulder 22. In some embodiments, the tendon repair implant is folded into a compact configuration when inside the lumen of the sheath. When this is the case, implant delivery system 60 may be used to unfold the tendon repair implant into an expanded shape. Additionally, implant delivery system 60 can be used to hold the tendon repair implant against the tendon.

The tendon repair implant may be affixed to the tendon while it is held against the tendon by implant delivery system 60. Various attachment elements may be used to fix the tendon-repair implant to the tendon. Examples of attachment elements that may be suitable in some applications include sutures, tissue anchors, bone anchors, and staples. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 7B, the shaft of a fixation tool 70 is shown extending into shoulder 22. In one exemplary embodiment, fixation tool 70 is capable of fixing the tendon repair implant to the tendon and bone with one or more staples while the tendon repair implant may be held against the tendon by implant delivery system 60.

As previously stated, the implant delivery system 60 can be used to deliver any sheet-like implant. A tendon repair implant 50 may comprise, for example, various sheet-like structures without deviating from the spirit and scope of the present detailed description. In some useful embodiments, the sheet-like structure may comprise a plurality of fibers. The fibers may be interlinked with one another. When this is the case, the sheet-like structure may comprise a plurality of apertures comprising the interstitial spaces between fibers. Various processes may be used to interlink the fibers with one another. Examples of processes that may be suitable in some applications including weaving, knitting, and braiding. In some embodiments, the sheet-like structure may comprise a laminate including multiple layers of film with each layer of film defining a plurality of micro-machined or formed holes. The sheet-like structure of the tendon repair implant may also comprise a reconstituted collagen material having a porous structure. Additionally, the sheet-like structure of the tendon repair implant may also comprise a plurality of electro-spun nanofiber filaments forming a composite sheet. Additionally, the sheet-like structure may comprise a synthetic sponge material that defines a plurality of pores. The sheet-like structure may also comprise a reticulated foam material. Reticulated foam materials that may be suitable in some applications are available from Biomerix Corporation of Fremont, Calif. which identifies these materials using the trademark BIOMATERIAL™. The sheet-like structure may be circular, oval, oblong, square, rectangular, or other shape configured to suit the target anatomy. Various attachment elements may be used to fix tendon repair implant 50 to distal tendon 28 without deviating from the spirit and scope of this detailed description. Examples of attachment elements that may be suitable in some applications include sutures, tissue anchors, bone anchors, and staples. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, sheet-like implant 50 is affixed to distal tendon 28 by a plurality of tendon staples 51. Sheet-like implant 50 is affixed to humerus 14 by a plurality of bone staples 52. Details of exemplary tendon staples may be found in commonly assigned co-pending application: U.S. application Ser. No. 12/684,774 filed Jan. 8, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/729,029 filed Mar. 22, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/794,540 filed Jun. 4, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/794,551 filed on Jun. 4, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/794,677 filed on Jun. 4, 2010; and U.S. Application No. 61/443,180 filed on Feb. 15, 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary bone staples are described in commonly assigned co-pending applications: U.S. Application No. 61/577,626 filed Dec. 19, 2011; U.S. Application No. 61/577,632 filed Dec. 19, 2011 and U.S. Application No. 61/577,635 filed Dec. 19, 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary staples in many of the above applications may be used for anchoring in both soft tissue and in bone.

Referring to FIGS. 8A-8N, a series of step-wise illustrations are provided of exemplary use of the markers, guidewire and implant delivery system as an overall kit for treatment of the supraspinatus tendon of the shoulder. The supraspinatus tendon is used to illustrate one use of the system which may be adapted for use in other areas of the body, as one of skill in the art will readily recognize. In particular, the system is useful in areas of the body requiring accurate placement of the implant relative to other anatomical structures as the system is guided to a marked first position by the guidewire and rotated to proper orientation relative to at least one, and at times two other markers of anatomical structure.

Referring now to FIG. 8A, a shoulder 22 is schematically illustrated with skin and other obstructing tissue removed so that the humerus 14 and supraspinatus tendon 28 are readily visible for purposes of better understanding exemplary procedures using the devices and methods of the current disclosure. The humerus 14 and supraspinatus tendon 28 are shown in relation to clavicle 21 and acromion 23. Further, the infraspinatus tendon 25 and teres minor tendon 27 are shown as they attach to the humerus, and as previously stated, interdigitate with the supraspinatus. The point of insertion 30 of the supraspinatus tendon 28 to humeral head 24 is also indicated and generally forms a line. The biceps tendon 29 can be seen as it extends down the arm, however, this tendon is not visible from this bursal side view on the rotator cuff of the shoulder as the biceps tendon 29 passes underneath the supraspinatus tendon and runs on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon (beneath the tendon).

FIG. 8B illustrates a view of the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon 28 near the point of insertion 30 on the humeral head 24. This view can be seen by a surgeon through the arthroscope when positioned beneath the supraspinatus tendon. As can be seen in the illustration, the biceps tendon 29 is visible as it runs medially to the shoulder attachment. In treating the supraspinatus tendon with an implant over the bursal side of the tendon, it is preferred to not interfere with the biceps tendon by putting a staple or other attachment into this tendon. Therefore, as a first step in one method of the present disclosure, the location of the biceps tendon is marked so it is known when viewing the bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon. As illustrated in FIG. 8B, a shaft 302 of a marker assembly 300 has been inserted through the skin of the shoulder and the bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon 28 to project into the space depicted with the location being adjacent the biceps tendon 29 proximate the point of insertion 30. As depicted, the delivery assembly has not been removed nor has the arms of the marker been deployed in the illustration. When deployed the arms will abut the supraspinatus tendon on the articular side and be retained therein until sufficient force is applied to flex the arms longitudinally and be pulled through the tissue.

In some methods, a second marker system 302 is used to mark a second point medial of first marker. This is illustrated in FIG. 8C which shows a shaft 302 penetrating the bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon 28 and adjacent the biceps tendon 29 at a location medial to the first marker. As depicted, the delivery assembly has not been removed nor has the arms of the marker been deployed in the illustration. When deployed the arms will abut the supraspinatus tendon on the articular side and be retained therein until sufficient force is applied to flex the anus longitudinally.

FIG. 8D shows the shoulder as it appears on the skin surface with the two marker systems 300 inserted. The two points of insertion define a line that runs parallel to the biceps tendon under the supraspinatus tendon which indicates an area where the implant should not be located or attached to avoid interfering with the biceps tendon. FIG. 8E shows two of three incision ports that can be made relative to the marker systems 300. A first port can be located on the posterior side of the shoulder for inserting the arthroscope (not shown). A second port, the inferior lateral port 391 is made for insertion of the implant delivery system. A third port, or superior lateral port 392 is made for insertion of devices that are used to attach the implant to the tendon and bone.

A view of the bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon 28 with markers projecting therethrough is illustrated in FIG. 8F. The drawing indicates a clear visible line at the frontal margin of the supraspinatus tendon in line with the markers. Due to other tissue and ligaments in the area this is not visible to the surgeon through the arthroscope. Therefore, the markers, as placed while viewing the biceps tendon from the articular side delineate the front edge of where one would want to place the implant.

With the front edge location of the implant delineated, the next step in one method of the present disclosure is placement and attachment of the guidewire. As illustrated in FIG. 8G, with the width of the implant selected for the tendon known, the first fixed point is located a distance D plus an additional distance X in the posterior direction from the line identified by the two markers 308. In some embodiments the distance D is one-half of the width of the implant plus a distance X of about 2 mm. in the posterior direction from the line defined by the two markers 308. Further, the longitudinal distance between an implant mounted on the delivery system used and the guidewire port on the delivery shaft is known. In the illustrated method, using one representative delivery system, it is known that the longitudinal location of the first fixed point should be at the insertion point. As the implant is delivered, it will then extend proximally down the aim of the patient from the line defined by the insertion point by about 5 mm, which assures the implant extends over the point of insertion and is affixed to the humeral head 24. As illustrated in FIG. 8G, a guidewire 172 having a screw 183 for a tissue retention member is placed at the identified first fixed point.

FIG. 8H illustrates the guidewire 172 after attachment to the humeral head 24 proximate the point of insertion 30 and located posterior to the line defined by the markers 308 by a distance of one-half the width of the implant to be delivered plus about 2 mm. The implant delivery system 60 is then tracked over the guidewire 172 into the vicinity of the implant site as depicted in FIG. 8I. The delivery shaft is then extended to expose the implant distally of the sheath, which is illustrated in FIG. 8J. The entire delivery system is urged distally so that the guidewire port is proximate the first fixed point where the guidewire is attached to the bone. As indicated in FIG. 8J, this assures the proximal edge of the implant extends a distance Y beyond the point of insertion 30 and can be affixed to the humeral head 24. In some embodiments the distance Y is about 5 mm. beyond the point of insertion 30 and assures the implant can be affixed to the humeral head 24.

Referring now to FIG. 8K, the next step in one method includes deploying the implant spreader arms 120, 122 to unfurl the implant and hold it against the tendon 28. Once unfurled, the implant 50 can be rotated about the first fixed point (guidewire attachment to the bone) so that the front edge is generally parallel to the line defined by the two markers 308. As next shown in FIG. 8L, the implant 50 can be attached in multiple locations to the supraspinatus tendon 28 using staples 51. Once the medial edge is attached, the implant delivery system can be partially retracted while being used to smooth and pull the implant down and make sure it lays flat against the tendon while more staples are inserted into the tendon. In FIG. 8M, it is illustrated that the arms 120, 122 may then be closed while the implant delivery system 60 is removed from the treatment site. Referring to FIG. 8M, prior to attaching the rest of the implant, the guidewire 172 is removed in this embodiment as it is located under the edge of the implant. The guidewire delivery shaft 202 is placed over the guidewire and engages the screw head to remove the guidewire. Once removed, additional staples can be inserted in the tendon and in the bone along with removal of the markers 308.

While exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, modifications may be made, and it is therefore intended in the appended claims and subsequently filed claims to cover all such changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of marking a location of a biceps tendon, the method comprising: observing the biceps tendon on an articular side of a supraspinatus tendon; and inserting a tissue marker through the supraspinatus tendon so that a distal end of the tissue marker emerges on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon, wherein the tissue marker does not pierce the biceps tendon.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the distal end of the tissue marker emerges on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon adjacent the biceps tendon.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: a delivery sleeve extending from a proximal end to a distal end and having a lumen extending through at least a portion of the delivery sleeve; wherein the tissue marker is slidably disposed within the lumen of the delivery sleeve.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the tissue marker includes a plurality of flexible arms located at a distal end of the tissue marker, the flexible arms constrained by the delivery sleeve is a delivery state and the flexible arms projecting outward from a distal end of the tissue marker in a deployed state.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: deploying the flexible arms of the tissue marker from inside the delivery sleeve on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein when the tissue marker comprises: a shaft extending from a proximal end to a distal end; and a plurality of flexible arms located at the distal end of the shaft, wherein the plurality of flexible arms extend laterally away from the shaft in a deployed state.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: positioning the flexible arms of the tissue marker on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon in the deployed state.
 8. A method of marking a location on a supraspinatus tendon for placement of a sheet-like implant, the method comprising: inserting a first tissue marker through the supraspinatus tendon at a first point; and inserting a second tissue marker through the supraspinatus tendon at a second point spaced away from the first point, positioning a sheet-like implant on a bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon such that an edge of the sheet-like implant is aligned with the first and second points.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first tissue marker and the second tissue marker are inserted while viewing an articular side of the supraspinatus tendon.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first tissue marker and the second tissue marker are inserted through the supraspinatus tendon so a distal end of each of the first and second tissue markers emerges from an articular side of the supraspinatus tendon adjacent a biceps tendon.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first tissue marker and the second tissue marker do not pierce a biceps tendon.
 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: attaching the sheet-like implant to the supraspinatus tendon with one or more fasteners, wherein the one or more fasteners do not pierce the biceps tendon.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein each of the first tissue marker and the second tissue marker comprise: a shaft extending from a proximal end to a distal end; and a plurality of flexible arms located at the distal end of the shaft, wherein the plurality of flexible arms extend laterally away from the shaft in a deployed state.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein after inserting each of the first and second tissue markers through the supraspinatus tendon, the first and second tissue markers are deployed so that each of the plurality of flexible arms abuts the supraspinatus tendon on an articular side of the supraspinatus tendon.
 15. A method of implanting a sheet-like implant on a supraspinatus tendon using tissue markers, the method comprising: inserting a first tissue marker from a bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon so a distal end of the first tissue marker emerges on an articular side of the supraspinatus tendon adjacent a biceps tendon; inserting a second tissue marker from the bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon so a distal end of the first tissue marker emerges on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon adjacent the biceps tendon spaced away from the first tissue marker; positioning a sheet-like implant on the bursal side of the supraspinatus tendon; aligning an edge of the sheet-like implant with the first tissue marker and the second tissue marker; and attaching the sheet-like implant to the supraspinatus tendon with a plurality of fasteners.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein each of the first tissue marker and the second tissue marker comprise: a shaft extending from a proximal end to a distal end; and a plurality of flexible arms located at the distal end of the shaft, wherein the plurality of flexible arms extend laterally away from the shaft in a deployed state.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: positioning the flexible arms of the first and second tissue markers on the articular side of the supraspinatus tendon in the deployed state.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: a first delivery sleeve slidably disposed over the first tissue marker while inserting the first tissue marker through the supraspinatus tendon; and a second delivery sleeve slidably disposed over the second tissue marker while inserting the second tissue marker through the supraspinatus tendon.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein: the first delivery sleeve constrains the plurality of flexible arms of the first tissue marker in a delivery state while inserting the first tissue marker through the supraspinatus tendon; and the second delivery sleeve constrains the plurality of flexible arms of the second tissue marker in a delivery state while inserting the second tissue marker through the supraspinatus tendon.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: attaching the sheet-like implant to bone. 